Ethics - Terms to know Essay Example for Free

Ethics Terms to know EssayWorldviewThe path the world is seen made sense of framework of individual understanding.e.g. Deism God abandoned creation nihilism Reality has no value traditional values unfoundedExistentialism Life has no nitty-gritty but what we give itEastern Pantheism Polytheism, i.e. HinduismNaturalism Secular humanism / modernism God is irrelevantnothing exists but innate(p) worldNew Age Pantheism All is one no distinction amongst plants, people any are GodJudeo-Christianity There is only one God who created universe God is involved w/ creationPost Modernism God is dead truth is a social construct relativism prevailsEthicsThe explicit, philosophical reflectance on moral beliefs and practices. (The difference between ethics and morality is similar to the difference between musicology and music. Ethics is a conscious stepping back and reflecting on morality, just as musicology is a conscious reflection on music).Descriptive EthicsStating actual mor al beliefs.Normative EthicsStudy of what is really right or wrong.MetaethicsStudy about field of operations of Ethics.Metaethics TheoriesObjectivismThere are correct and incorrect answers.SubjectivismThere are no correct or incorrect answers.AbsolutismAll moral rules take on without exceptionthere is only one truth opposite of relativism, contrasts with consequentialism.RightsJustified claims upon other(s) for actions or non-actions.Negative Obligation (Right)An obligation to refrain from something or entitlements to do something without interference from other people. See also autonomy.Positive Obligation (Right)An obligation to perform / provide, etc., or entitlements that obligate others to do something positive to assist you.In remUniversal rights (obligations fall on all moral agents).In personamRestricted rights (obligations fall on selected individuals).General Obligationsmoral requirements of all moral beings.Role-related Obligationsmoral requirements of specific roles, e. g. MD, priest, etc.Strong PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person able to decide.Weak PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person unable to decide.Negative PaternalismRefraining from doing something to/for someone.4 important Ethical Principles / ValuesNonmaleficenceDo no combat injury (Primum non nocere first, do no harm) a negative right.BeneficenceDo beloved promoting the upbeat of others actively avoiding harm a positive right.AutonomyNon-interference with others choices and freedom to make choices / self determination.Justice / Social JusticeEqual intercession for all.Ethical Systems Theories (*Related concepts)*ConsequentialismThe end justifies the means the rightness or wrongness of any action depends on its consequences.*Utilitarianism (act)To act in a beneficial way based strictly on the goodconsequences for the approximately people case-by-case analysis of each act.*Utilitarianism (rule) To act in a beneficial way (with good consequences for the most peo ple) based on moral rules categorical imperative?DeontologismIts not whether you win or lose, its how you converge the game some actions are right or wrong regardless of their consequences contrasts with consequentialism.Relativismit all dependsall points of view are equally valid.Also When in Rome, do as the Romans do (cultural relativism).Beauty is in the eye of the observer (personal relativism).*Doctrine of Double Effectintention is everything concerns only intended means or ends, not actual means or ends even if predictable (i.e. chemo side-F/Xs).Patient Relationship ModelsEngineering ModelJust the facts, maam healthcare professionals as scientists presenting factspatients make decisions based on these facts.Paternalistic ModelDo what I say decisions are made by healthcare professionals.Contractual ModelLets make a deal healthcare professionals give informationassist patients in decision-making by making recommendations.ConfidentialityNot divulging information which another h as revealed on agree of secrecy patients right to privacy (of information).Deontological Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality respects patient autonomy.Consequentialistic Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality protects and promotes social welfare of patients.3 Accepted Exceptions for Divulging a Patient ConfidencePatient not competent, required by law, protect public interest. lawfulness Telling (Veracity)Obligation to tell the truth.Consequentialistic Case for Telling and Withholding the TruthDo what will most benefit/least harm patient truth-telling / withholding truth context dependent.3 (actually 4) Possible Exceptions to the Truth-Telling RuleFamily request, patient request, for the good of others (less so now), avoiding mordant consequences (extreme cases).5 Elements of Informed ConsentCompetence, information disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and authorization.