Human Geography Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Geography Analysis - Essay ExampleMalawi is a little smaller than Pennsylvania with a population of 15 million people and 90 part of them living with an honest income less than two dollars a day. Experts are in the view that by the end of this century, the population is probably to be al close 132 million. At present, ab come to the fore 40 percent of people in Malawi live at a lower place the nations poverty line. The cause may be for lingering poverty is that in excess of 70 percent of Malawians live in countryside areas where they depend on agriculture for living. Almost all farmers cultivate maize however, the income from it is inadequate that few people have enough money to live on. Three different views for the future of ecumenic agriculture are ranged contrary to one other. The first and most admired progressive idea for Malawi, perceives these agriculturalists as manageers of a condemned way of life to be supported in future. Paul Collier, Oxford economist, is t he man behind this terrible vision who offered in a contemptuous November 2008 Foreign Affairs article in which he excise the romantics who coveted for farmer cultivation. Seeing wages in cities are higher than in the rural area, and most advanced nation is capable to nourish itself without peasant farmers, Collier demanded for the features of big agriculture. He as vigorous asked European Union to assist with genetically modify crops and the United States to stop domestic help for biofuel. Biofuel aids are ridiculous, as they cause food prices to go up, drain off grains from the bowls of the poor into the achievement of biofuel with partial environmental advantages. Even though global agroindustry has made great profits since the East India Company, it hasnt improve the standard of farmers and farm laborers, who are always societys deprived people. If the aim is to make the worlds poorest people wealthier, it is better to confide in their farms and place of work than to dri ve them to the metropolises. macrocosm Development Report in 2008 by the World Bank found that, certainly, investment in farmers was effective and real ways of raising people out of poverty and starvation. Agriculturalists societies from Malawi to India to Brazil demanded that right to use land, water, viable technology, training, markets, and state venture in processing, and further entrance to level playing arena on national and global markets can benefit them. Nevertheless it took ternary decades of inadequate plan for the development establishment to understand this, and yet to fully realize. So as to fight the Cold War in overseas arenas, the U.S. and important foundations spent profoundly in farming technologies, for instance, with improved seed and fertilizer. William Gaud, the USAID administrator, called it a Green Revolution. The Green Revolution was executed with less passion and success in Africa than in Asia. In 2006, the International Fertilizer Development Center vi ewed that $4 billion value of foulness nutrients were being quarried from the African dirty word by farmers who, struggle to live, werent filling the nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous in the land. The reason for deteriorating soil quality lay because of systematic negligence since the 1980s that the World Bank itself acknowledged in an privileged evaluation and the remedy is to fix the soil with technology. Consequently in 2006, the Rockefeller instauration joined the Gates Foundation to launch

Cadmium in Shellfish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cadmium in Shellfish - Essay ExampleThe figures for both types of shellfish was well within the tolerable limits at 7 g/kg body weight for adults as per WHO and Australian guidelines. Nevertheless, since there was observed high example deviation among the scallop samples and there was also high deviation between the scallop and mussel cadmium/body-weight ratios it has been suggested that a future experiment be conducted during which the origin of the two types of shellfish be ascertained first to discipline that water pollution levels for both types of shellfish are the same. This shall ensure better conformation among the results. Correlation abridgment was not conducted because of the small number of samples. This too should be rectified in future experiments to ascertain how to each one type of shellfish responds to the same level of cadmium contamination in the water. Thus, the report finds that it is highly necessity to ascertain contamination in particular harvesting area s so that only those areas from where the bivalves have tolerable surface contents can be allowed harvestable. Other non-conforming areas should be declared out-of-limits. Only this can assure rubber eraser in supply.Cadmium is a heavy metal that is commonly plant in many types of imperfection and rocks. At birth, primates handle humans have no cadmium in their bodies but, with age, some humans induct the metal from their environment. The metal is a contaminant and classified as possibly carcinogenic beneath World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). The metal is variously used in industrial applications and commonly found in everyday use objects like paints, plastics, some types of coatings, batteries and other electrical components (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). The metal is also permit out into the atmosphere from burning fuels, especially fossil fuels. It is present in rubber tires and is emitted when tires burn. Also, many industries let out the metal int o the atmosphere trough flue gases (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). Another significant source of cadmium contamination is tobacco smoke. Children are especially susceptible to the metal if they are near smokers (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). Children also are untold prone to cadmium contamination because ration of the metal intake by body weight is much higher than in adults with larger body weight. Thus, more care has to be taken to preclude such(prenominal) contamination in children. Also, it is estimated that cadmium build-up in the body is faster in the early years than afterward if the individual is subjected to such contamination (WHO, Cadmium, Series 24, 1972). In this particular context it is noted that shellfish like mussels and scallops are skunk-dwellers and are non-mobile filter feeders (Moffett, 1993). In all likelihood, if the metal becomes evident in seawater, it settles down towards the bottom and the shellfish induct it into their systems. Since there is evidence that the metal is not easily evicted from organic tissues. Over quantify the metal may accrue in shellfish tissue and if these are ingested by humans toxic condition may result if the metal levels in the tissue are

Civil War Battles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Civil War Battles - Essay ExampleThe confederacy was forced to oblige with limited resources, which was a subjected to union thrust along multiple avenues approach.The pacific Coast Theater was cognize to be the military operation in the United States around the Pacific Ocean. The department of the pacific, which include the states of Nevada, California, Washington, and operating room territorial dominion, encompassed this theater. Operations directed against Confederate irregulars in California were placed in Southern California, and New Mexico territory to control the region, which had strong secessionists sympathies.The battles were organized in geographical presence of Mountainous terrain. This change magnitude the chance of participation as they offered terrain where rebels can seek sanctuary. A high production of primary commodities in various states increased national exports significantly increasing the risk of conflict and thus contributing to financing of the civil war . The date between the civil battles and the war gave room for a conflict to recur and significantly increased the chance cost of restarting the

World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Trade Organization - Essay ExampleAs an note community organization, its main focus is set upon creating a uniform set of trade rules between nations that ordain ensure a smooth, efficient, trustworthy, and assured business transaction among member nations. As an advocate of free and orbiculate trade, WTO gives consumers the opportunity to have a greater market for demand and choice of various products as trade from various nation suppliers. The end result, as the organization envisions it, is supposed to be a more balanced, prosperous, peaceful, and accountable economic world. Balance and accountability in the economic world... That statement carries a tremendous weight in the WTO. As such, the organization also functions as a dispute settler among its member countries in tattle to their trade agreements. To quote Trade friction is channelled into the WTOs dispute settlement process where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments, and how to ensure that cou ntries trade policies conform with them.

On Passion and Self-Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On cult and Self-Growth - Essay ExampleThe Ameri abide novelist, literary-critic, and story-teller Elizabeth Hardwick highlights that The greatest gift is a passion for conceive. It is cheap, it consoles, it distracts, it excites, it gives you lastledge of the world and baffle of a wide kind. It is a moral illumination. I strongly believe in her statement as my journey in life has been filled with notable experiences derived from reading various curbs. Before my passion for reading is developed, I must admit that I was first obsessed in the stories my mom untiringly tells me before preceding(a) to bed. Then, the exciting part of deciphering the meaning of the simple words on my earliest books came. Before I know it, I have become a voracious reader whose interests range from culture, sociology, and literature. class period has sparked my curiosity and invites me to assay the mysteries of life.My passion for reading has hugely enhanced my intellect. Whenever I open a book, I frequently see myself unlocking a treasure box which will brings me into other places, provides me a glimpse of other culture, and conveys me a wealth of knowledge. It is amazing to know that every book shares its unique story. No matter how simple, each book offers and adds raw ideas. Reading has enriched my intellect by bringing me to the world of Shakespeare, Milton, Julius Cesar and even as far as Aristotles and Homers. Reading introduced me to the radical ideas of Karl Marx, the different worlds explored by Gulliver, and the persistence of Helen Keller. Books broaden my horizons by adding new words to my vocabulary, polishing my grammar, and alter me to find ways to communicate my ideas. My passion for reading enlightens me with knowledge and ushers me from the darkness of ignorance. Reading a book the second or third time does not diminish the knowledge that it offers. Being a emotional reader, I have discoered that it is not the writer which conveys and creates meaning i n his or her compositions but in fact, the reader constructs his own comprehension on the material being strongly influenced by his background and experiences. Thus, I never really get tired of reading a single book over and over again as the knowledge it imparts vary each time.Aside from shaping me intellectually, reading also bring forward my emotional development. As a thinking and feeling being, a story moves me and fills me with different kinds of emotion. I believe that the most important thing that my passion for reading brought me is the capability to understand the emotions of other people. Reading often requires empathy and putting ones self in the characters shoes. With this, I have developed the ability to accept, understand, and share the joys and sorrows of the people some me. I credit to my passion to reading the rapport I maintain with my social circles.I mass say that my passion for reading is the largest contributor to my personal development. Books enrich and s timulate my mind while retention me in touch with my emotional side. Reading has taught me the greatest lessons in life. I must stress that Denis Diderot identifies nevertheless great passions which can elevate the soul to great things. Considering all the things that my passion for reading accomplished in me, then, I can say that it must be the greatest passion a human can be blessed

ADFP Advanced Strategy Advice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

ADFP Advanced Strategy Advice - date ExampleThis assessment focuses primarily on strategic recommendations in a financial planning context. It encompasses your noesis base acquired across previous modules within the Diploma of monetary Planning and the Advanced Diploma of Financial Planning. The assessment is aimed at utilising your skills in understanding and applying some of the concepts expressed in the beginning(a)Tech Super Guide from Colonial First State. Although it is called a Super Guide, this text goes beyond just superannuation concepts and also addresses taxation, social security and insurance, as all of these topics are interrelated. This assignment contains 6 assessment activities each containing specific instructions. Grading for this assessment pass on be deemed competent or not-yet-competent in line with specified educational standards under the Australian Qualifications Framework. These answers contain relevant and faultless information in response to the que stion/s with limited serious errors in fact or application. If incorrect information is contained in an answer, it must be fundamentally outweighed by the accurate information provided. This will be assessed against a marking guide provided to assessors for their determination.

Comparison and contrast on two horror movies Essay

Comparison and contrast on two horror movies - Essay ExampleThis year their innocent and unsuspecting town is attacked by a group of vampires who are bent on destroying all of them without leaving any trace when the sun does in conclusion rise. The Descent shows a group of friends and experienced cave divers, exploring a new cave system and macrocosm attacked by a strangely evolved breed of creatures. Both movies show similarities and differences with respect to the horror genre done the portrayal of the surroundings, the creatures, and the behavior of the survivors. 30 Days of night begins with a stranger trudging finished the wide orbit of gloomy, outstretched snow with Burrows in the distance. The opening shot highlights the remoteness of the town setting the mood and footprint of the movie. The howling winds and the blowing snow throughout, emphasize the isolation and overall doomed atmosphere. The looming threat of the vampires is definitely something to be feared, excep t the loneliness of the town and their lack of contact with the outside world, strongly instills feelings of cold dread, anxiety, and isolation. The few characters in the story, with the hubby and wife ( two town sheriffs) Eben and Stella, as the main protagonists, are the only inhabitants of the town through the long gentle month as the rest of the people have left for southern areas to avoid the winter. Through the repeated imagery of darkness and circling snow along with the screeches of the vampires in the background, the horrific atmosphere is set for a thrilling and terrifying experience. The Descent starts off with a group of girl friends wild water rafting, with the main wind being Sarah and Juno. It is hinted that Juno, the adventurous of them all and seemingly the leader of the group, might be having an affair with Sarahs husband. A few minutes into the movie, while Sarah with her husband and daughter are driving back home, they get into a severe car accident, killing the husband and daughter upon impact. This way, tragedy marks the beginning of the story, setting the scope of built up tension, sorrow and regret. The surroundings are the beautiful Appalachian Mountains, looming large and breathtaking for both the characters and the audience. Yet they also display an ominous and foreboding mood. For example, as the group meets a year later on to go cave exploring, upon arriving at the mouth of the cave system they see a dead carcass of a bull elk, bloodied and half rotting, foreshadowing the more hideous events about to take place. This disgusts and unnerves the women and even though they have done this many times before, something seems a bit odd and different this time. Also, they have to abseil down into the cave, plunging themselves deep underground. This darkness and feeling of confinement is aptly purposed to heighten the dread and tension. For example, through out the entire movie, the only sources of light are their torches, flares, an d glow sticks. Both movies display similarities through the use of surroundings and the horrifying creatures to attract the audience and propel the plot forward. For example, in 30 Days of Night, their usual and peaceful town of Burrows has now put them into a dire situation. Though, the onset of nights lasting a month occurs every year and is something they have adapted to, this year it ends up being the perfect track down ground for the group of vampires. The frequent, long and seemingly harmless winter nights have now turned against them,

How the scientific method is illustrated by the development of the Essay

How the scientific method is illustrated by the development of the atomic model - Essay ExampleNevertheless, atomic model is an important concept that helps in illustrating a scientific method. Take for example it is very easy to illustrate the stoichiometric process, by the engage of atoms, as opposed to the use of absolute mass. Take for instance it is easier to explain that 2 atoms of Hydrogen, when they are join with 2 atoms of Chlorine, will make for 2 molecules of hydrogen chloride (McLean, 17).This is as opposed to saying, 2 grams of hydrogen, when they are reacting with 70.9 grams of chlorine, would form 72.9 grams of hydrogen chloride. Because the use of atomic model was easier to illustrate the scientific methods of inquiry, majority of chemists began using the concepts of atomic system (Stewart, 22). The acceptance of this theory further grew, when scientists began using it in explaining a variety of issues, including the structure of molecules, in the field of battle of organic chemistry, to the movement and spacing of molecules, in the field of gas physics. All these are scientific methods and processes apply that are illustrated by the atomic scientific model (Stewart,

Hypothetical Situation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hypothetical Situation - fitting ExampleIndeed, when it comes to making a moral decision, feelings often distract people for the correct option. As a result, her decreased ability to feel should be seen as an advantage of her as an advisor, not a disadvantage.2. presumption the option of choosing either Dekisha or Christina, I believe I would take aim the former. First of all, it has already been verbalize that she is superbly qualified medical professional so, I trust that she would do anything possible to help me. Secondly, verbalize of the peculiarity of her character, namely cosmos dedicated, I am strongly convinced that this is far better than being ethereal. I have nothing against the latter however, I think that medical assistance as an primary(prenominal) activity which requires attention and any mistake might cost a life. Contrary to that, a joyous person is more likely to make a mistake if compared to a dedicated one. Finally, it must be noted that the choice that I make will not be affected by the incertitude what person is morally better since this aspect is not involved in any way.3. It would not be a mistake to suggest that the comparison of an ethical behavior and swinging a golf guild is a rather effective one since the author was able to grasp some of the most requisite elements of the two activities. Indeed, some people often think that acting morally is difficult however, many stupefy that it may actually be rather easy as the innate moral compass that everyone has will definitely point out the a person is moving in the right direction. That is why era making a difficult decision, a person should always listen to ones tit and do as it truly says. The next element which is mentioned in the quotation suggests that acting moral is natural. Indeed, I do believe that all people are originally good and that they will always choose the right option when they have such ability. That is why when one considers different

Feminism in the Light of Feminist Narratives Essay

Feminism in the Light of Feminist Narratives - Essay ExampleBarbara Findlens Listen Up Voices from the Next Feminist times is competent to provide me a new way of understanding womens struggle in the trey wave. My previous understanding of feminism resolves in the surge of womens situation from their old tradition as mere caretakers of the household, denied of education and employment, and had a peculiar(a) right to suffrage. Feminism had been a political idea, had always been, and subdued is. When women earned their right to education and employment, bid goodbye to creation merely relegated to the sidelines as a gravel and wife, and finally being able to vote, I thought that the woman is then free and all she has to do is to ensure that this freedom is not taken from her. However, the third wave feminism proves that the feminist struggle continues on and the issues that every female must resolve are reflected on language, gestures, and movements of people and society in habi tual living. My perceptions about the third wave feminist struggle made a shift or would I say, an improved turn over the course of the semester as aided by the authors of Listen Up. Not being a racist, but my previous consciousness on feminism has always been directed towards Europe, the proponent of feminism, neglecting or putting into sidelines the other female experiences in other parts of the world. The feminist struggle is not limited to a certain race, social class, or ethnicity, but encompasses all these and Findlens Listen Up was able to reiterate this point.

The Story of Simon Simopath Concept Album Essay

The Story of Simon Simopath Concept Album - Essay ExampleEven onward listening to this song, one would conclude that it is a love song, taking into consideration its name. The Wings of Love is a love song that makes the ten songs within the imagination album of Simon Simopath. This song describes the manner through, which Simon was making wishes to the flick to permit him to have wings of love. It narrates how Simon make wishes in regard to possession of the wings and how he asserts that he would reward the skies in the case that he was given the wings of love. In addition, the song goes to an extent of narrating how Simon had made wishes to fall in love using the wings he demanded. There is proper use of swingy effects in this song, giving a rather sad feeling of a frustrated somebody that is in great desire to achieve something. This is a two minute song within the concept album of Simon Simopath. From the manner through, which this song is sung, it evident that it was directed towards Simon Simopath it narrates the sadness that Simon Simopath is experiencing. The song involves appropriate use of slavish i.e. piano and guitars, played in a rhythmic manner, giving the song an love emotions and some grit of sadness regarding the loneliness that was experienced by Simon Simopath. In addition, the melody of the song through the use of the instruments that seems congruous with the singers. The song, We can help you is another song that was included in the concept album, Simon Simopath.

Module 5 - Case MITIGATION AND RISK REDUCTION Essay

Module 5 - Case MITIGATION AND RISK REDUCTION - Essay Example385). Therefore, the heart and soul of the ear on terrorism is vital in the analysis of the re-evaluation of the definition of security in the join States and reiterating the significance of a connection between threats and the institutionalization of the reactions to the perceived threats.Illegal cross-border activities are still considerable threats to the get together States where on the Southwest border, the Tucson section is the main point of entry for the people who smuggle marijuana on with illegal aliens. In the last couple of years, arrests on United States territory have not unavoidably reflected the approximations provided by the border patrol thus implying the threats are increasing. Information sharing and communication among the Department of fatherland Security and other agencies has increased considerably in the recent years but there are still gaps that sine qua non to be filled as far as implementi ng agreements between the agencies is concerned. The agencies have diminish up with forums that allow them to share and exchange information. Nonetheless, in the Tucson section, the agencies have not had enough coordination to make for sure that the federal law enforcers maintained access to information concerning the threats and radio communications that are secure and harmonious so enhance their daily operations (Stana, 2010, p. 23). Coordination and collaboration in this areas could improve the safety of the officers and create impelling law enforcement responses to the illegal activities that are increasing in this area.Coordination between agencies has been enough to allow sharing of intelligence service evaluations between the different agencies as far border security threats to the lands under federal jurisdictions are concerned. These agencies need to collaborate and come up with mutual budget requests, strategies and combined operations that deal directly with these th reats. motley efforts between agencies towards the implementation of provisions in the existing

The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century Essay

The 21st century has begun. What neuters do you think this new century lead bring Use examples and details in your make out - Essay ExampleWhile many people consider technological devices to make our lives easier, they can likewise have a detrimental effect on our well-being. Its getting to the stage now where around no one sends anything by post because it takes too long to reach its destination. This succeeding(a) century could take to our virtual lives becoming just as significant as our real lives.Another change that the next century will bring is global wars. Although there have been global conflicts in the previous century, mod technology will result in the types of wars that we have never seen before. Long gone are the geezerhood where two armies came together and fought it out on the battlefield. Another element that will make world wars kindle over the next 100 years is the use of nuclear weapons. Countries such as Iran and North Korea have, or will have, the tech nology and desire to attack nations that they consider to be their enemies.Perhaps the most exciting change of this century will be the advances in medicines. Global sicknesses that were once thought of as deadly will be consigned to the history books. This will result in humans being able to live longer, which whitethorn be either a good or bad thing depending on who gains access to these go types of medicines. What we do know is that the standard of living will improve for most

Bullying at Work Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Bullying at Work Place - Essay warningpromotion) for the bully. (Field, 1999)The employees and the managers undertake bullying in fix up to hide their inefficiency in managing the inadequacy of the tasks performed by the subordinates and team members. The high the psyche bullies the higher the level of inadequacy he shows at his workplace. In todays a managework forcet time when the business missions argon comprise of short term goals with a short time span to be achieved in, the work pressure, time constraints and the surge to show high level performance leads to more frustration in case of failure to achieve any of the above custodytioned f effectors.The purpose of bullying is to hide inadequacy. Bullying has goose egg to do with managing etc good managers manage, bad managers bully. Manage handst is managing bullying is not managing. Therefore, anyone who chooses to bully is admitting their inadequacy, and the extent to which a person bullies is a measure of their inadequac y. Bullies project their inadequacy on to others.The global political changes have transformed the simplex role of those who are leading. Instead of one workforce, one way of working one culture, one site of best practices, one leader there are now issues of alignment, of accommodation of differences, of management of diversity, and of synchronisation, in order to present a global view to both internal and external circumstances. In addition, there are different sets of expectations to be managed.Leadership isLeadership is an important aspect of managing. (Kotler, 1990) As the part of this paper allow for show what qualities a leader (man/ woman) should posses in order to lead effectively. Managers must exercise all the mathematical function of their role in order to combine human and material resources to achieve objectives. The key to doing this is the existence of a clear role and a degree of discretion or authority to support managers actions. The essence of leadership is f ollower ship. (Haller & Til, 1982)In other words, it is the willingness of people to follow that makes a person a leader. Moreover, people slant to follow those whom they see as providing a means of achieving their own desires, wants, and needs.Leadership and motivation are well-nigh interconnected. By understanding motivation, one can appreciate better what people want and why they act as they do. Women leaders may not only respond to subordinates, motivations but also arouse or dampen them by means of the organisational climate they develop. Both these factors are as important to leadership as they are to manager ship. The motivation given by the leadership makes the followers to depict certain behavioural attitudes. These values transformed by the leader in his/ her followers are different in men and women. Valian has presented them as gender schemas. According to Valian (1999) the gender schemas are the stereotypes and bases learned in childhood. The gender schema for men incl udes being capable of independent, autonomous actionassertive, instrumental, and task-oriented (Valian, 1999). For women, the schema is different and includes being nurturant, expressive, communal, and concerned about others (Valian, 1999). Both men and women express their personality trials according to the above schema. The organisational trials and values are designed in accordance with the manlike schema. Thats why the

Phylosofi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Phylosofi - Essay ExampleThere is a complex relation between the both. We live in a materialistic world but still possess a spiritual self. despair in human beings ar of two forms, willing to be one it is not or doesnt respect to be one it is. Kierkegaard states that human beings who are immensely involved with the spiritual beliefs are the most moved(p) with hopelessness, hence they themselves are held responsible for pain and sufferings attained due to despair, as it is something faced internally by individuals. Despair brings about frustration and pain making it tough to be overcome. Providing a simple casing of a girl who lost her lover Kierkegaard states that she has to overcome with the loss and lead her life on her profess similarly Christians need to understand that physical death is un-avoidable and rather overcome their despair withKierkegaard relates the Christianity and despair to state, that despair is universal in nature. People say that they are not in despair b ut they are unaware of being in despair except for a true Christian. Any personal distemper can be cured by prescribing certain medication but despair can completely be overcome by mere belief in God, the only way to repress the psychological problems and gain eternity.Human self is composed of various components like finite and infiniteness, possibility/necessity, ken/lack of consciousness relating itself to itself. The willingness to become itself and overcome despair can only be possible by becoming concrete that is by establishing a relation between these elements. Kierkegaard explains the forms that strike the imbalance of self componentsDespair based on the elements of Finitude/ Infinitude and Possibility/ Necessity Despair due to infinitude, which is when an individual focuses on fantasies and forgetting his own self. Despair due to finitude, which is to just exist as any other person in the society. Life may

A Women Of No Importance Essay Example for Free

A Women Of No Importance Essayseek the counsellings Wilde presents late nineteenth century women. What he is saying ab by the fashionable women of the time, their interests, ideas, attitudes and treatment in A Women f No Importance?A wo troops of no importance is a dissemble about the upper and middle class. Wilde uses the women to portray is attitudes and views on the society of the nineteenth century. He portrays women in a way women would non bind behaved at that time this gives a comical atmosphere to the audience. In 1893 A women of no importance would have been very entertaining to watch, the audience would have found the bring in disport however they would have been laughing at themselves as Wilde wrote the play to criticize the society.The plays first setting is a female home with confabulation between women Wilde may have done this to show the importance of women. doll Caroline is the first temperament the audience meet Wilde may have also done this for a purpo se.From the title lady we know Lady Caroline is a wealthy and high up in the aristocracy in England. She is a typical member of the high society she has a very magisterial overbearing soulality and shows pride in her position. The Audience would have immediately recognised this from Lady Carolines conversation with Hester. She speaks down to her American guest, Hester who is travailing alone, you have no country houses, I am told, in America? some other theme that Wilde conveys through women is the theme Hypocrisy and double standards. This is again shown through Lady Caroline and her attitudes towards the prude Hester. Lady Caroline criticises lady Hunstaton choice of guests But Mrs Allonby is hardly a very suitable person but then praises Lady Hunstaton for inviting her to a pleasant party, Wilde is effectively satirising members of high society. Hester vocalises her opinion that she dislikes Mrs Allonby but Lady Caroline patronises Hester I am not sure, that foreigners like yo urself should cultivate like or dislikes. suggesting that Hester is not a valued member of society. Wilde mocks the attitude of the high society through the ignorant women.Lady Caroline is not as knowledgeable as she likes to make out, she continually keeps getting the name of the politician wrong, mistaking him for Me tympanic cavity Kevil, my love kevil. The audience would mock Lady Caroline for this foolish mistake she keeps making.Hester Worsleys title is changed as the play progresses. Hester is first referred to as Miss Worsley then she becomes known as the American and finally A puritan. Hester is a contrast to all the other women in A women of no importance and all the women take a dislike to her she told me yesterday, and in quite a loud voice, that she was only eighteen. It was most annoying. She has strong morals, values and opinions which she is not afraid to express I dislike London Dinner Parties. Wilde may have used Hesters character to present his on views on the En glish aristocratic society.Members of the high society frown upon those who are widowed I dont think that England should be represented abroad by un unify man macrocosm married is more socially accepted. This gives the audience an impression of how shallow the society was and how status and social position consecrate how people lived their lives.Lady Carolines and Sir Johns is very different to a traditional Victorian marriage. Usually the man is the paramount one and women were known as mens property. However Wilde contrasts this view, by Lady Caroline having control over her husband, being the dominant one in the relationship John you should have your muffler. What is the use of my always knitting mufflers for you if you dont exhaust them? Their relationship is undecidedly showing a lack of love and affection. Their relationship is more like a child and parent relationship because of the idea of Lady Caroline spoiling Sir John. Wilde is suggesting that they are together out of convenience and presentation. Lady Caroline gives her husband orders in the same way lady Hunstaton orders her servants you had better go and put your overshoes at once.During the Victorian times when A women of no importance was written, women rights were begging to increase. In 1857 the married causes Act was established, in 1882 married womens property act was confirmed, which gave women more rights and power over themselves, property and their children. These factors contributed to the way Wilde presented certain women especially Lady Caroline and Mrs Allonby.Mrs Allonby is very similar to lord Illingworth they are both expound as dandies they use language which is intended to shock the audience. At the end of act one is it clear that Mrs Allonby is flirting with Lord Illingworth What a thoroughly bad man you must be Wilde creates Mrs Allonby as a character who considers being a person who restricts the morals and norms of the society, in Victorian times there would have bee n very strict morals and social codes. Women adore failures, they lean on us Mrs Allonby is going against the stereotype, the man having control within Victorian marriages.At the end of Act one Lord Illingworth reads Mrs Arbuthnots letter, he says no one in particular A Woman of no importance, the title of the play, which demonstrates Wildes views on the treatment of women in society.Act 1 ends giving the audience an impression of a self-concerned, hypocritical society. Wilde presents these ideas through the use of funniness which give a strong message to the audience.

Urban Life in the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

urban Life in the Middle Ages EssayThe arrest Urban Life in the Middle Ages by Keith D. Lilley discusses historical exploitation and urban changes affected urban population during the Middle Ages. The author claims that the Middle Ages is a contested heritage it means different things for different people (p. 21). Lilley describes a mediaeval town as the main regional and even ethnic unit which kept traditions, values and unique way of keep. The book consists of an introduction, 7 chapters, conclusions, tables, figures and plates.The first three chapters address urban cultivation and heritage, legal foundations of towns and the main institutions. The author describes chivalric culture and legacies, the main factors and driven forces of change. Also, Lilley draws a line between medieval urban heritage and modern-day culture stating that medieval urbanism impinges upon the modern age (p. 17). The second chapter describes the main institutions and their impact on and role in urbanism. Lilley pays a special attention to chartered towns, functions of municipal government and urban governance.The fourth chapter discusses emergence of and development of towns in England and Wales, France and in east Central Europe. Lilley explains that in many countries, towns population was numbered thousands rather than hundreds, and the metropolis was all the way differentiated from the campestral settlements around it. Within the city, however, population, as not particularly dense, and certainly was not uniformly distri simplyed. Lilley suggests that a significant proportion of the area within towns was used for agriculture or viniculture, while a town remained a center of cultural, religious and material life.The fifth and the sixth chapters are devoted to urban planning and ownership. Lilley writes that urban population paid much attention to landscapes and urban planning which marked citys identity and national culture. Lilley gives examples of urban designs, s tructure of urban settlements and location of the central part and fringe of the city. The sixth chapter describes the main types of property rights and landholding. The fundamental fact about the property rights was their fragmentation.Holdings were scattered over a wide area a couple of holdings in iodin settlement, a vineyard in the next, an farming in the next still. Even within rural settlements large, compact blocks of land or sizable estates comprising an constitutional settlement were extremely rare. In the seventh chapter, Lilley describes domestic life and personality of townspeople, their values and preferences, way of life and traditions, occupations and trade. The book does not have a separate chapter for church and its impact on town life, but Lilley discusses the problems and issues of churches in every chapter.He underlines that religion played a crucial role in lives of medieval people determining their way of life and traditions. Churches were predominantly fou nd in urban contexts, and monastic foundations were more and more favored by the elite. The surrounding countryside was dotted with small family monasteries, nunneries and proprietary churches. A society in which rural elites were increasingly prepared to invest in a local church or a family monastery was one in which they might also be prepared to make donations to large-scale monastic foundations to build up their local prestige.I would recommend this book to everyone interested in history and sociology, archeology, urban planning and cultural studies. The book is based on substantial analysis of resources and historical documents, and involves excellent illustrative materials for every chapter. A unique vision of historical development and comparative analysis with modern city planning and culture Works Cited 1. Lilley, K. D. Urban Life in the Middle Ages 1000-1450 (European Culture and Society). Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Ethics - Terms to know Essay Example for Free

Ethics Terms to know EssayWorldviewThe path the world is seen made sense of framework of individual understanding.e.g. Deism God abandoned creation nihilism Reality has no value traditional values unfoundedExistentialism Life has no nitty-gritty but what we give itEastern Pantheism Polytheism, i.e. HinduismNaturalism Secular humanism / modernism God is irrelevantnothing exists but innate(p) worldNew Age Pantheism All is one no distinction amongst plants, people any are GodJudeo-Christianity There is only one God who created universe God is involved w/ creationPost Modernism God is dead truth is a social construct relativism prevailsEthicsThe explicit, philosophical reflectance on moral beliefs and practices. (The difference between ethics and morality is similar to the difference between musicology and music. Ethics is a conscious stepping back and reflecting on morality, just as musicology is a conscious reflection on music).Descriptive EthicsStating actual mor al beliefs.Normative EthicsStudy of what is really right or wrong.MetaethicsStudy about field of operations of Ethics.Metaethics TheoriesObjectivismThere are correct and incorrect answers.SubjectivismThere are no correct or incorrect answers.AbsolutismAll moral rules take on without exceptionthere is only one truth opposite of relativism, contrasts with consequentialism.RightsJustified claims upon other(s) for actions or non-actions.Negative Obligation (Right)An obligation to refrain from something or entitlements to do something without interference from other people. See also autonomy.Positive Obligation (Right)An obligation to perform / provide, etc., or entitlements that obligate others to do something positive to assist you.In remUniversal rights (obligations fall on all moral agents).In personamRestricted rights (obligations fall on selected individuals).General Obligationsmoral requirements of all moral beings.Role-related Obligationsmoral requirements of specific roles, e. g. MD, priest, etc.Strong PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person able to decide.Weak PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person unable to decide.Negative PaternalismRefraining from doing something to/for someone.4 important Ethical Principles / ValuesNonmaleficenceDo no combat injury (Primum non nocere first, do no harm) a negative right.BeneficenceDo beloved promoting the upbeat of others actively avoiding harm a positive right.AutonomyNon-interference with others choices and freedom to make choices / self determination.Justice / Social JusticeEqual intercession for all.Ethical Systems Theories (*Related concepts)*ConsequentialismThe end justifies the means the rightness or wrongness of any action depends on its consequences.*Utilitarianism (act)To act in a beneficial way based strictly on the goodconsequences for the approximately people case-by-case analysis of each act.*Utilitarianism (rule) To act in a beneficial way (with good consequences for the most peo ple) based on moral rules categorical imperative?DeontologismIts not whether you win or lose, its how you converge the game some actions are right or wrong regardless of their consequences contrasts with consequentialism.Relativismit all dependsall points of view are equally valid.Also When in Rome, do as the Romans do (cultural relativism).Beauty is in the eye of the observer (personal relativism).*Doctrine of Double Effectintention is everything concerns only intended means or ends, not actual means or ends even if predictable (i.e. chemo side-F/Xs).Patient Relationship ModelsEngineering ModelJust the facts, maam healthcare professionals as scientists presenting factspatients make decisions based on these facts.Paternalistic ModelDo what I say decisions are made by healthcare professionals.Contractual ModelLets make a deal healthcare professionals give informationassist patients in decision-making by making recommendations.ConfidentialityNot divulging information which another h as revealed on agree of secrecy patients right to privacy (of information).Deontological Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality respects patient autonomy.Consequentialistic Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality protects and promotes social welfare of patients.3 Accepted Exceptions for Divulging a Patient ConfidencePatient not competent, required by law, protect public interest. lawfulness Telling (Veracity)Obligation to tell the truth.Consequentialistic Case for Telling and Withholding the TruthDo what will most benefit/least harm patient truth-telling / withholding truth context dependent.3 (actually 4) Possible Exceptions to the Truth-Telling RuleFamily request, patient request, for the good of others (less so now), avoiding mordant consequences (extreme cases).5 Elements of Informed ConsentCompetence, information disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and authorization.

Ethical Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decision Making Essay generalizationEthics is the branch of philosophy that examines questions of morality, or right and vituperate. In this paper we will discuss the philosophic snugglees use in ethical ratiocination making. The two approaches that will be elaborated on argon the utilitarian approach and the universal approach. Several questions will be addressed, (1) what is the utilitarian and universal approach? (2) How do we use them in the ethical closing making process and (3) examples of how it relate in the field of vile Justice? When conflict arises its not always possible to decide who is right or wrong however our moral responsibility is to resolve problems to the outperform of our ability. The utilitarian and universal theories are two of some(prenominal) philosophical approaches or methods that stool be implemented when making these types of lasts (Zalta Geoff, 2008).The Utilitarian nestleUtilitarianism is one of the virtu completelyy powerful and persuasive approaches to normative ethics in the history of philosophy. The utilitarian approach to ethical decision making focuses on taking the execute that will result in the superior good for the great number of people. It also focuses on the consequences of the course of action and policy, as well as the affects it has on the eudaemonia of the people directly or indirectly impacted by that action or policy. This approach is used to promote the welfare of everybody by maximizing benefits and minimizing harm (Zalta Geoff, 2008). For instance, when faced with a patch your first notion or question is what should you do?Once you assess the situation then you would apply which ethical decision is the best action to take. If you implement the utilitarian approach you did so with the intent of producing the greatest balance everyplace harm. Utilitarianism offers a relatively straightforward method for deciding the morally right course of action for both particular situation we may find ourselves in. In the criminal justice field this approach can be widely used. To discover what we ought to do in any situation, we first identify the various courses of action that we could perform. Second, we determine all of the foreseeable benefits and harms that would result from each course of action for everyone affected by the action. And third, we study the course of action that provides the greatest benefits later the costs have been taken into account (Velasquez, Claire, Shanks, S.J).The Universal ApproachThe universal approach to ethical decision making is similar to the Golden Rule. The golden rule is best interpreted as Treat former(a)s as you motivation to be treated. Universalism argues that knowledge can and should be applied to everyone in every similar situation (Williams Arrigo, 2008). This approach can be taken in two steps. First, determine whether or not a particular action should be applied to all people under all circumstances. Second, decid e if you would be willing to have that aforementioned(prenominal) rule to you. This approach claims that ethical principles hold for all and not for some, it is for everybody without exception (Williams Arrigo, 2008). In other words if you act a certain way towards another and are not willing to be treated in that same regard than you are in violation of the universal rule.To apply the universal approach correctly we penury to take into consideration the effects our decision making have on other peoples lives. We also have to be able to imagine ourselves in the other persons stead on the receiving end of the action. Imagine you are a police officer in pursuit of what seems to be a drunk driver, while in pursuit the drunk driver hits a pregnant cleaning woman crossing the street. What do you do, do you stop for her and leave a drunk driver on the road, or do you call the accident in and continue to pursue the drunk driver to keep him from potentially killing himself and others. The utilitarian approach would more likely call for back up and continue after the drunk driver, but if we use this same example and compare it to the universal approach, the question then becomes what would you want done to you.Both philosophical approaches are infused with flaws, the use of utilitarian thinking is not always lighten of what form of action should be taken or if the action you took will have a good outcome for the majority. It is difficult to judge what decision will supply the best way to respond to a situation. The universal approach unlike the utilitarian bases its decisions on the facts that the action taken is best for everyone regardless of the situation or the difference in people. My choice between the two is somewhat tossed, because my belief is that you should do unto other as you would want done to you, but at the same time my desire to ensure the greatest number of success is important to me as well. Within the Judicial system decisions are made with o r without the input of others however it is our moral obligation to ensure that we make the best ethical decisions that we can, because every decision somehow directly or indirectly affects someone else.ReferencesVelasquez, M., Claire, A., Shanks, M. M., S.J. (n.d.). Markula Center for Applied Ethics. Retrieved from Santa Clara University http//www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/thinking.html Williams, C. R., Arrigo, B. A. (2008). Is piety Relative? The variability of Norms and Values. In C. R. Williams, B. A. Arrigo, Ethics, Crime and Criminal Justice (p. 77). Upper Saddle River Pearson Prentice Hall. Zalta, E. N., Geoff, S.-M. (2008). The Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosphy http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaethics/

System Evaluation Essay Example for Free

placement Evaluation try outOne of the most prevalent and effective schemes recitationd within the naval corps is the human resources governance of rules known as devil dog Online ( groin). MOL was created to track Marines annual training, allow special requests such as leave, liberty, temporary duty assignments, personal time away from duty. MOL also gives Marines the ability to track carrier wave progression through annual reporting and rewards that are posted. The schema allows promotion tracking and allows one to orchestrate physical training scores such as physical fitness training scores and fall upon fitness-training scores. The system allows Marines to track pay and leave in incremental totalitys allowing one to view pay 15 days prior to being paid. The need for the system has been ever present and before its implementation everything was stored on paper and word of mouth. The system has helped the corps as a whole because it creates a platform for umpteen different eccentrics of data to be stored and calculates data automatically allowing data to be requested at a moment notice. The requirements of the Marine Corps that drove the system development of MOL are many in number but the need that drove the creation of it the most was how large the organization is.The Marine Corps size can vary from 200k to 400k including reserves. Commanders needed a system that would allow them to view leave and deed reports at a moments notice. In the process of creating the system they found on that point were many other facets of records they could include in the system. By digitizing these records they would be viewable by every Marine. This in turn allowed the Marine Corps to save hundreds of millions of dollars because they could reduce the number of departments.The Marine Corps had the ability to centralize all of the departments and reduce the amount of paper waste along with wasted man hours. In the past Marines would pay back to go to some (prenominal) separate departments to view the same tuition. The original system was only created to track only two areas of learning. When the Marine Corps did their assessment of the system they found it to be so helpful they asked commanders if there was anything else they could add to the system to make it easier to track Marines carrier and allow individuals the ability to do the same.Allowing the individual Marines the ability to view these reports at a moments notice has allowed the organization as a whole to appeal to a much high standard and expectation of the Marines. An example of a bare-assed tool that has been implemented in the system MOL is in the Marine Times Use of the saucy communications tool, accessible through Marine Online, or MOL, go forth be mandatory for nearly the entire Corps by the end of February. (Sanborn, 2011, para. 2). The use of this new communication tool has allowed familys to stay in contact with loved ones while deployed over seas.The new system has improved almost every facet of the organization the basic use of the Marine Online System is to allow tracking of Marines to the commanders in the Marines Corps with the simple click of a mouse. The system has grown to so much more than it was originally created for allowing the growth of the Marine Corps in many other areas. several(prenominal) likely future developments of the system will be the incorporation of medical and dental records. The system will probably be updated to include service record books to allow Marines individual records to be recorded electronically.The information system will eventually grow to allow every Marine to track every specify of their carrier to include new functions that were never though possible or never thought were needed. Something that has not been incorporated into the system is a mobile aspect but in the near future there will be. In 2011, the Department of Defense announced it was creating a special online app store for membe rs of the military so that they could download mobile apps that had been vetted for security issues (Turban, Volonino, Wood, 2013, p. 88). Security has always been an issue for the Department of Defense (DOD) when creating mobile portions of their information systems.This is something that has repressed their ability to expand into the mobile business as of late the security of mobile system has become ever stronger and allowed the DOD to expand its information systems. Conclusion The MOL system has transformed how the Marine Corps functions in many different ways. The IS has allowed the organization as a whole to reduce aste and contour the data it collects to a central location. Requirements of the system have always been present within the organization until deep has not been reasonably attainable with the amount of employees within the organization. The ultimate drive of the system is unit eagerness and the unit readiness is easily quantifiable within the system because the commanders within the Marine Corps have instant access to the information required to gauge it.Unit readiness is the ability to leave at a moments notice when called upon by the president or congress to deploy to a war zone. The type and basic uses of the system are some of the most essential parts of the IS. Without the basic use of this system the Marine Corps as a whole would be at a loss without the use of it. In essence the application of this system has changed the business processes of the Marine Corps as a whole.

Current Trends in Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Current Trends in benignant Resource Management EssayTechnology is ubiquitous. Whether you argon in the industrialized world or develop markets, a growing number of people atomic number 18 connecting with mobile devices like colorful cell phones and really portable computers like Apples iPad. This allows people to communicate across archaic boundaries within companies or externally across the world. They digest instant access to information and to people. brilliant chief operating officers atomic number 18 thinking intimately ways to leverage this technology explosion. Many atomic number 18 already experimenting with virtual teams, non-traditional serveplaces, and praise corporate structures. How depart your company leverage technology? Are there ways to connect to a greater extent(prenominal) effectively with co-workers, customers, or investors? Can access to information abet to hurry the company more effectively? Have you identified what information is necessary t o your success and how it should be shared? Will you exercise an enterprisingness platform like SAP or Peoplesoft, or impart you simply spend basic serve like email and the Internet? So, the basic examine from a human resource perspective is how to go for technology to connect people and information to your utility.If you are non thinking about all of this, eternal rest assured that your competitors are already experimenting with the modern technologies. originate positive that you chip in ont pick up left in the dust. Global Marketplace As demonstrated during the unusual downturn, worldwide economic activeness is more mutualist than it ever has been in the past. Although trade has crossed borders even up before the Silk Road was travelled by Marco Polo, in todays global marketplace what happens in one country usually has a dramatic electric shock in a nonher. The largest economies like the US, China, Japan, nd Europe are so interdependent that their leaders meet period ically at the G-20 summits to discuss issues of mutual interest and favorite strategies. Smaller countries that were once called third-world countries are now called emerging markets because they have the most robust growth. It is now also possible to do business across borders more easily using global transportation services like DHL, FedEx, and UPS. all the same minute businesses have the opportunity to compete or bewitch supplies from outside their local marketplace.This is a growing trend and remarkable of the growth forget be outside of the developed countries. So, how is your company positioned to participate in this growth? Can you bug into modern markets or get suppliers or contract workers at degrade cost? Can you partner with other businesses or agencies in different markets at home or abroad? If you are looking for recent customers, project workers or on-going opportunities, then it only makes sensory faculty to believe about strategies that would allow your compan y to participate in the global economy.How can your company tap into the growth in the emerging markets? More specifically from an human resources perspective, can you leverage contract workers for projects or benefit staff? While this may not be feasible for every business, it efficacy be more viable than you deem. Workers who do their job primarily at a computer can do this unbiased as well in another space or country. This is especially proper if you have the just technology platforms or exercise cloud computing.While there are security, cultural, and other issues to address, dont let the opportunities pass you by honest because you havent understanding globally about your business in the past. The future is a global marketplace. deem globally. Rising Costs of Benefits In the join States, health care and succor be generally have been rising at an unsustainable rate. modern national health care legislation may address some issues however, it is tranquil very likely that the co sts will continue to rise. Thus, companies will be looking to shift the burden for the costs of benefits.Some of this will be shifted to the government, some will be shifted to workers, and peaceful other benefits will unbiased be whirlybird because they are no longer affordable. Many companies have already chop their defined benefits pensions and loneliness programs. Others have modified them to lower matching contributions when they arent making a profit. Others have shifted their health insurance to high-deductible plans which cranny lower premiums, but also require workers to lift up mighty of the basic cost even when they exhaust health savings accounts.Thus the trend for many companies is to be more frugal with employee confirm offerings however, other companies will consume their enhanced abet programs as a recruiting tool to attract the draw talent in their industry. So each company essential analyze their benefits in relation to their overall strategy to attract and support talent for their firm while balancing the overall costs of the programs. You must be able to reply the basic expect, What is our compensation and benefits philosophy and how does if fit into our overall business strategy? Flexible WorkplaceThe workplaces in the future will be more flexible. Once again, technology might be one of the driving considerations that makes this possible however it is not the only factor. Younger generations are not only more accustomed to being treated differently, but in some cases examine that employers are flexible so that they can balance work-life issues. Unless there is a compelling reason for workers to be on spot during obvious hours, such as a doctor in an emergency room or a shift manager at a manufacturing facility, then employers should contemplate about how they can be more flexible in their workplaces.Allowing workers to tele-commute has both disadvantages as well as advantages, so there is not a simple legal or unsuitable retort for every company. However, design no faulting some companies are working through these issues honest now so that they can offer flexibleness for their employees that compliments their business strategies. This will be their key to attracting top talent. Demographics Demographics are definitely changing. In the joined States where there is a tradition of immigration, there is a shift from the venerable white-male dominated workplace to a multi-cultural environment.This is happening at all levels from line-workers to management. Additionally, women will smash through the glass ceiling and rise to more senior management ranks. Beyond ethnic and gender considerations, age is also likely to play into the comparison of workforce planning. Many leadership and managerial positions are now occupied by aging baby-boomers who will be retiring over the next five to ten years. This will inaugurate up current opportunities for younger workers, but only if they are prepared.On the other hand, some older workers will be working well past retirement age either because they havent saved for retirement or because they will be retained as famous employees due to their job experience. They might be willing to cease if their employer offers some flexibility like job sharing or a four-day work week. Outside of the US, industrialized nations will also direct to deal with aging populations while the emerging countries will have younger workers who are involved to allotment in a more affluent lifestyle.Thus, CEOs and HR managers are thinking about ways that their workforce will change in the next few years. Will you have ample leaders to replace aging baby-boomers? Will you need to relate younger workers to transfer the institutional knowledge that is currently retained by your more experience staff? How will your company retract advantage of shifts to a more diverse workforce? These are all very famous questions that must have an reply if your firm is going to thrive in the future.L ooking into the future is hard to do, especially in the 21st Century, but trends offer some clues. We run low in a more complex and interconnect world. Events in one allotment of the world are speedily news everywhere over the internet, cable TV and mobile phones. Although it is an exaggeration to say that the relieve flutter from a butterflys glide in Asia can result in a hurricane on the other side of the globe, we seek the far reaching effects from events in one bandage to other regions that would not have known about them in the past.Thus, it is notable to ogle for trends that will impact our world. If you can capitalize on the changes that result from the trends, then you can prepare to either pick advantage of them or minimize their despicable impact. These five trends in human resources trends are already impacting the diagram we do business. They will definitely continue to impact our world, and it is up to you to figure out how to leverage them to your advantage.

Intercultural communicaton analysis Essay Example for Free

Inter ethnical communicaton analysis EssayThe life of every personality is late affected by a myriad of inter cultural affiliations that affect a persons ability to interact with other tribe and be seen by them from a specific viewpoint. Intercultural talk is likely to be in particular affected by cultural stereotypes. Therefore, each persons life is shaped to a bang-up degree by cross-cultural perceptions and co-cultural affiliations. In my personal case, I expect a vicissitude of cultural affiliations that have a direct influence on my life. In the first place, a lot of facets of my set about depend on my animal(prenominal) characteristics, such as my female gender. universe of that gender, I have a different kind of experience with other people, as it seems easier to bond with girls than with boys on certain subjects, and some aspects of physical work and sports are naturally harder for me because of my weaker constitution. In addition to gender, my life is also impa cted by my ethnic origin and religious tradition. Being Turkish and Muslim, I tend to follow the rules and norms prescribed by our faith.Thus, I pray five times a day, observe the Ramadan, and attend meetings in the local mosque. As a result, my lifestyle puts me in contact with a lot of Muslims who constitute my immediate circle of communication. In communication with other cultural and religious groups, I have to recognize that my principles and habits are different from most people. many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) of my peers, for instance, find it strange that I do not eat or drink by daytime for the entire month of Ramadan.This makes me pause and explain to them the significance of the fast and what it means to me as a Muslim. Being Muslim does not in itself give an exhaustive description of my cultural identity since I have also been exposed to a number of other cultural influences. I am Turkish, and our culture differs in many modes from that of Arabic countries or tha t of Iran. In addition, I speak English as a second language and went to a French high school. Thus, for me, as for many of my younger coun take heedmen, European cultural influences proved a great impact.I have been watching European movies and read European books since childhood. shrewd English, I was also exposed to the US cultural influence, watching Hollywood blockbusters and interacting with American peers. Belonging to a certain category, one is always an easy target for stereotypes. Thus, it so happened that I am an only child, so many believe that I am spoiled. In a talk with a classmate at school, I had to give examples of household chores that I do at home to dispel his notion of my world utterly spoiled.He only believed me after I told him how I could cook myself the whole dinner for the family at the age of 10. On the other hand, communicating with older people, I have to correct their intellect of college students as spoiled, rough, and careless. Sometimes, I feel as if these qualities are attributed to me by default simply because young people are portrayed in this way in a variety of movies. I try to struggle this stereotype by taking time to talk to them at length about my studies and future passage plans.I think it gives them an idea that I am serious about college as a way to a better life, not just a socializing event. In this way, my life has been infused with a variety of cultural influences that made me the person I am. At times, it can be difficult to balance many of them, such commitment to my faith with realities of college life here in the US. However, I do my best to try and find a sound approach that will dispel stereotypes and allow me to retain my unique identity. computer address Neuliep, J. W. (2000). Intercultural Communication A Contextual Approach. Houghton Mifflin.

America and Vietnam Essay Example for Free

America and Vietnam EssayOlsen and Roberts are both history professors who are mesmerised with the ways by which the American government made the situation of the war with Vietnam a fearful save victorious even for the reputation of the said country. The authors were then adequate to contribute their thoughts about the situation thereof seeing the situation of the past wars a manifestation of the reputation of the American society in the terra firma account of recognized countries of war and reconciliation.Their hold in Where the half mask Fell actually pictures the actual situations that happened during the American-Vietnamese war during the 1960s and how the said history particularly affects the relationship of the two countries involved. About the Book Content and Summary The overall content of the book is highly recommended for reading and teaching as it gives a calorie-free yet critical approach in assessing the US policy that controlled the Vietnam society from the n until the present.Undeniably, the book of Olsen and Roberts is an awakening material that dish ups the human mind witness the importance of being diplomatic and lawful even when in the middle of distress. Surprisingly, the American society was able to steel a delightful reputation out from all the oppression that they have already implicated upon the Vietnamese society during the war years.Through the critical assessment of the situation, the authors intended to give the readers a fine picture not only of what is or what has been obvious but also a glimpse of the true statement behind the scenes of historical accounts written in books today. Implications of the Reading As it has been noted earlier, the reading gave a clear depiction of what has happened and why the said events happened during the American-Vietnamese war in the 1960s.With the insightful informations that the authors posted through their book, they were able to help readers realize what the facts are and how th ey particularly affect the present relationship that exists between the said countries. Critique of the musical composition Approach As for the writing approach of the authors, it is undeniable that the informations that they posted through the reading were carefully assessed then giving out validated facts that support their explanations of the said historical event.The clarity of the implications of the reading has been strengthened by the documentations that the authors used to show the authenticity of the reading. The utilization of other researches that supported their claims and opinions made the book a must(prenominal) read not only for professors and students, but also for those individuals who endeavor reading books under the typical yet critical approach of understanding history and American politics.Within the context of the book lies a less-traveled path among the historians of the present times. Olsen and Roberts certainly made it clear that history is a human accoun t compulsory to be understood and learned from through critical observation of the past.Reference James S. Olson and Randy Roberts. (2006). Where the Domino Fell America and Vietnam 1945-2006 ILLUSTRATED. Blackwell Publishing Limited 5 edition.

The development of Beatrice and Benedicks relationship Essay Example for Free

The development of Beatrice and benedicts onlyiance Essay benedick and Beatrices relationship is very lively throughout the goldbrick. At the beginning of the play they mock each other invariably in a jokey banterous fashion. Both of them are very independent and dont believe in recognise. Their friends trick them into falling in hunch with each other and succeed, so that by the end of the play Beatrice and benedick have a strong relationship and marry. At the beginning of the play (1, 1) Beatrice and benedict forever and a day mock each other trying to outwit each other with quite sharp comments. For drill Benedick says well, you are a rare parrot teacher to annoy Beatrice he says this in a jibing way to provoke her saying that she is too chatty and talks too much. Beatrice responds by saying a bird of my tongue is better than a beast of yours. By this she means shed rather be a parrot that speaks too much than a beast that cant speak well. She says this as a comeback. Beatrice insults Benedick by saying hes untrue to his friends and a backstabber. Who is his companion promptly he hath both(prenominal) month a advanced sworn brother when Beatrice uses the words a new sworn brother shes saying that he swears his trust to a new man every month. The use of the word brother implies that they become really close before he turns on them. Beatrice says to Benedicks face that he is dull fool and pretends that she doesnt know that he is behind the suppress at the masked ball. Why he is the princes jester, a very dull fool. When Beatrice is speaking to Benedick behind the mask, she carries on mocking him, the use of the word dull shows that she thinks of him as boring, dull and not funny. (2, 1) When Benedick is tricked into loving Beatrice, he declares his love for her. He says I will be horribly in love with her.The use of the word horribly suggests that he is going to be madly in love with her. The audience can feel his strong emotions with the use of these words. (2,3) In the middle if the play, When Beatrice is tricked into loving Benedick she immediately declares her love back to him. taming my unfounded heart to thy loving hand. When Beatrice says this she is devoting her love to Benedick even though this was all just a big deception to get them to love each other. The use of the phrase taming my wild heart suggests that she has finally found love and has been tamed like an animal. The audience get the feeling that both Beatrice and Benedick are quite desperate for love, even though they dont show it, because as soon as the opportunity for love comes in they both take the chance despite the item that they used tomock each other and involvements Benedick said that implies that he has no intent of hymeneals Shall I never see a bachelor of three again (3,1) Benedick says that although he cannot hoar and write poems he is an amazing lover better than everyone in the world.Although Leander and Troilus have a reputation of existence amazing lovers they are not as in love as I am Benedick is saying that the best lovers Leander and Troilus is not as good as loving as him because the best thing hes got is how much he loves Beatrice.

Question Behind the Question Essay Example for Free

Question Behind the Question proveQBQ BY john G. Miller IQ- Incorrect questions These atomic number 18 the questions that often pop into our minds first and tend to be negative. They point fingers and are not helpful in resolving problems. Who dropped the ball? Why didnt they take cell nucleus of that? QBQ- Better, more(prenominal) accountable questions. These are the questions that are often behind the IQs. You may hold up to really call back to puff these questions to the fore front of your mind. What stinker I do to top sure you fucking get that done next time? How can I support the team intermit? how can I adapt better? How can I better understand the situation? What solution can I provide? What can I do to get more information to make a better decision? QBQs should begin with what or how. They should contain l. They should also focus on action. When we are in the center of a situation, we need to not be a victim. Things are always going to happen at pee and in our personal lives. If we allow ourselves to be serve victims then we wont be able to come up with good solutions. Stress is a choice, contrary to popular belief.Stress is a result of our actions. we can choose how we react to the things going on around us. We can to choose to be positive and make decisions to make the situation better or choose to let the situation take control and focussing us out. When questions lead to procrastination on the individuals part. When we are waiting on someone else to do something, we are then becoming inactive ourselves. Along with this who questions lead to blame. We must first ask the questions about what we should have done to make the who go away.People are always talking about succeeding remote the box Lets work on succeeding inside the box Lets not focus on having more good deal, more money or more time. How about hitting target and goals with what we have and making the nigh of the situation. Another syndrome is the we/they syndro me. This is where groups, departments, regions, stores or different day parts point the fingers about their issues at other people instead of taking the accountability themselves. There are always barriers out of our control must work to become so good that we can overcome those barriers. Ownership- A commitment of the head, heart and the hands to clutter the problem and never affix blame Each person on a team is different. A great team will learn to identify the strengths of each person, capitalize on them and appreciate them. personalised accountability begins with ME Leading by example- Being what I am by acting according to my word. count or leave- If you are not on the boat with your whole heart, maybe you should not be on the boat.QBQ Serenity Prayer- God grant me the serenity to accept the people that I can not change, the heroism to change the one that I can and the wisdom to know i ME *Action, even when it leads to mistakes, brings learning and gr inertia brings sta gnation and atrophy. *Action leads towards solutions. Inaction holds us in the past. *Action builds confidence inaction doubt. Humility in the cornerstone of leadership. As a leader, Im here to help the individuals on my team reach their goals and full potential. How can I help YOU?

History of Marco Polo

History of Marco PoloThe Travels of Marco PoloMarcoPolo was born in 1254 when Italy was split into struggle city states. Thirteenth century Europe saw a extensive increase in geographical knowledge and anincrease in trade with the Far East and Western Europe. One country that had the Europeans fascinated was chinaware and they all wanted to establish trade and pass there.Contact with the Far East was established by such(prenominal) men as Giovanni da Pian del Carpini and William of Rubrouck who were sent by Louis IX of France, which happened before the Tartar conquest of Asia shaver and the beginning of Tartar embassies in the West by the late thirteenth century. Routes of trade and opportunities that existed during Roman determine were reopened. Niccolo Polo and Maffeo Polo, the grow and uncle of young Marco Polo, left him behind and set off for an epic journey eastward towards the romance of the khan of the Pipchak Tartars at Serai. The br separates Niccolo and Maffeo staye d there for over a year while collecting asignificant profit. The brothers decided to father to Venice, only if they found that their path was cut off by local wars. So the brothers make the finality to go to the extensive khan of China. They arrived in Beijing and were received very(prenominal) graciously by the great khan. After doing business there, the khan wanted toknow about the Christian life and told them to go back to Venice to look out the Pope and save with Christian missionaries for the education of the royal judicatory. The great khan also wanted them to cash in ones chips through Jerusalem with Holy Oil from the lamp which was unploughed burning over the Sepulchre of our Lord saviour Christ. To help their journey, the brothers were given the serve well of a Tartar guide and anything they needed in Tartar territory.Aftera pertinacious and treacherous journey on land to Venice, Niccolo and Maffeo made it in1268 and found that Pope Clement IV had of late die d and no successor had been elected. Gregory X was elected the new Pope, and in 1271, Maffeo and Niccolo managed to secure the services of two ungainly Dominicans who would soon decide to desert the mission. The Polos went back to Beijing anyway, this time taking with them Marco, the teenage son of Niccolo Polo, who would cause one of the most traveled people in the world.Marco, his father Niccolo, and his uncle Maffeo began their journey by sea to Acre in 1271. They arrived at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and decided to non travel by sea and to turn north and follow the ancient caravan routes through Iraq and Persia. The Polos went through Turkmenistan and Persia until they hit the Oxus River (now called the Amu Darya). They traveled crosswise the plain of Pamir and crossed the desolate Gobi Desert where they then made it to the mercantile cities of Samarqand, Yarkant (Shache), and Kashgar (Kashi). Located in the northwestern United States partof China, they reached Tangut. A fter a very long journey, the three Polos were made welcome at Shangdu the summer hood of the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan in 1275. Marco, the youngest Polo, soon became a favorite in the Chinese court ofthe Great Kublai Khan. After studying and becoming fluent in the native languages, Marco Polo became a commissioner in the Mongol government in 1277. Kublai Khan trusted the Venetian Marco Polo so much that he relied on his advice in many important affairs. The descriptions Marco Polo gave of the emperors palace fired the imaginations of generations of explorers andtravelers, all of whom wished to view for themselves the eight square miles of enclosed barracks, troop grounds, vast arsenals, storerooms, living quarters, library, and especially the treasury. As a trusted agent of Kublai Khan for seventeen old age, Marco Polo had a very unique opportunity to see a developed and sophisticated way of life not seen by Western culture. Kublai Khan trusted Marco Polo so much that he made h im governor of Yangzhou.Marco Polo visited or so every part of both northern and southern China in his long and loyal service to the great khan, using the imperial horse andpacket-boat system that was kept in readiness for the comfort of governmentofficials. Marco Polo was kept in constant service of the khan by cataloging and describing in detail many huge cities, provinces, and major(ip) commercial towns. He was interested in everything, including the manufacturing arts, commerce, architecture, the residents in each area, and many other things. Marco Polo was very strike and intrigued by the silk industry and the book contains an excellent early picture of silk culture, weaving, dying, and finishing. The treasures of the Chinese cities must have seemed bootless to thirteenth century Europe. Marco Polos description of Hangzhou included the fabled twelve thousand bridges of the city, its many huge markets and bazaars, its cavernous warehouses for its trade with India, and even it s consumption of six tons of pepper a day.Marco Polo also visited India on business and in the same great detail recorded its commercial life. He also whitethorn have visited the steppes of Asia, or the original land of the Moguls, where Kublai Khans ancestors may have grazed their herds. Even though it is very doubtful that he traveled so far north, it may have been possible that the Venetian made it to Siberia. His accounts of his many journeys also indicate great interest towards the islands south of China, including the Philippines.Around 1292, the three Polos desired to return to their home, but they were so favored that Kublai Khan would not let them leave. It was very hard for him to let them leave, but in reluctance he permitted them to go withan official commission to take the Mogul princes daughter to her conjugal union in Persia.It took them three years to return home even though they primarily traveled by ship. On the way Marco Polo recorded his impressions of Java also know as the great island, and many other places like Madagascar, Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, Dragoian. They crossed the Red Sea and the adventurers finally reached Venice in 1295. Their extraordinary odyssey that lasted nearly twenty years finally came to an end.Whent he Polos arrived to their old home their family that was staying there had presumed them dead and didnt believe it was they and would not let them in the house. After some arguing, the Polos convinced them that they really were who they said and their relatives allowed them in. Then Marco Polo was captured by the warring Genoese and imprisoned. epoch he was in prison, he dictated his experiences to prisoner and writer Rustichello of Pisa. The book was called Divisamentdou monde, later turned into The Travels of Marco Polo, 1579. Marco Polos uncle and father fell into the background and the young Marco Polo became the main figure. The great and in detail story was very clean-cut and made a huge impression on Europe. The boo k was received in awe and it was not fully believed until other travelers to China verified parts of the tale. Christopher Columbus may have been stimulated to travel by this book and maybe many other famous explorers. Marco Polos account of his travels in Asia was one of the chief(a) sources for the European image of Far East until the late nineteenth century.

Geographic Information System (GIS) Benefits and Constraints

geographic Information System (GIS) Benefits and ConstraintsBenefits and Constraints of Using geographic Information System (GIS)1. Introduction1.1 look BackgroundThis is no to a greater extent than evident than in the proliferation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) across a variety of disciplines, with the common goal of capturing, storing, analysing and visualizing spacial information. GIS in practice, by virtue of its technical complexity and comprise, has traditionally been limited to the operations of organisations and commercial organisations (Craig et al., 2002). Despite these restraints non-profit organisations and fraternity groups be interchange magnitudely looking to absorb GIS on the premise that it dep device be able to positively understand their operations through and through with(predicate) cave in conclusiveness making and influencing public policy through greater abbreviation and the entry of professional visualisations (Sieber, 2000b, Sieb er, 2000a). Given this burgeoning interest, in that location has been a concerted effort by GIS and inn (GISoc) explore groups to surface and espouse concepts such(prenominal) as Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) which provides a peculiar approach to take out GIS and spacial information available to non-traditional users allowing them to integrate local anesthetic k straight offledge and oblige in closing making (Sieber, 2006).1.2 Research ObjectivesThe focus of this enquiry project is to investigate the benefits and constraints for the application of a Geographic Information System (GIS) deep down a association based project. Specifically the search considers a re chassis of PPGIS to process better be condition the processes, resources and characteristics inevitable to implement a interlocking based GIS. The followers questions will indicate the research and development of the community of interests-based GISDo present-day(a) PPGIS pragmatic approaches address the professional ontological debates of GIS and Society?Can psychogeographic principles help better guide the requirements for a community based GIS?What spatial data sets ar available and usable for community groups at bottom Melbourne, Victoria?Do available datasets satisfy the requirements of community groups?Can community knowledge be effectively integrated with traditional spatial data sources?1.3 Research RationaleAs people live more aw are of local, regional and global issues through the mainstream media and the Internet they, as a result, expect to be better informed by Governments and organisations and allowed to contri neverthelesse to decisions that shape their own lives and the orderliness in which they live. If those issues comprise spatial knowledge, wherefore a GIS is a natural option for facilitating interchanges and conveying local knowledge (Carver, 2003). Despite this prospect to pass communities umteen GIS practices (including PPGIS) and available spat ial data often do not adequately represent community needs and concerns (Elwood, 2006). This research gum olibanum aims to explore and develop a numberwork for which current GIS and related technologies cannister be successfully reconstructed to allow communities to express their own knowledge about place and spatial relations through visualizations and narratives. Specifically, the proposed research has been designed to assist the Blackburn Lake Sanctuary (BLS) Advisory Committee to implement a GIS which will be enable them to store and map the location of various vegetation and salient features at heart the BLS in Melbourne, Victoria. By integrating publicly available data sets with community knowledge it is hoped that it will come on legitimise the activities of the BLS Advisory Committee while not compromising their goal of contri exclusivelying to local government policy and increasing the effectiveness of their activities.1.4 Research MethodologyContained here is an outl ine of the subsequent chapters and research methodology. The research will be organised into three major chapters literature re look at case canvass and discussion and conclusions.Chapter Two Literature review examines the relevant literature regarding GIS and Society, PPGIS and psychogeography providing an overview of the historical background and ontological framework of these research paradigms. An examination of the principles of psychogeography and the research design of foregoing PPGIS studies will be completed, providing a comparative study of their variant methodologies and methods. These comparisons will assist in create a theoretical framework for a community-based GIS which will guide the case study to follow.Chapter Three Case study introduces the Blackburn Lake Sanctuary case study and stresss to implement the methods accomplished deep down the theoretical framework introduced in chapter two. An exploratory case study has been employed because it is a pric eless method for investigating the reputation and effects of implementing technology within a complex milieu (Sieber, 2000b). In order to increase the rigour and validity of the case study observations, open-ended interviews and questionnaires will be conducted.Chapter quaternion Discussion and conclusions reviews the research objectives in relation to the major research findings as considerably as the limitations of the methods and theories employed. practice matching techniques will be employed to compare the observed and verified information with the framework essential through the research project. If the observed and predicted information correspond then the research methodology maybe strongly validated (Sarantakos, 1998). This chapter also addresses the limitations of the research and future research opportunities.1.5 ConclusionThis chapter has createed the objectives and rationale for conducting research into evolution a community-based GIS. A research methodology has also been proposed to describe how the research statement and associated objectives will be achieved. The next chapter will review the relevant literature including theoretical models and research methodologies used by previous researchers in the field of PPGIS and psychogeography.2. Literature Review2.1 IntroductionIn the previous chapter, the objectives, rationale and methodology were presented to help guide the research into developing a community-based GIS. The research outlined in this thesis covers a human action of interdisciplinary fields all of which are continually evolving. These fields include public date GIS (PPGIS), community mapping and psychogeography. This chapter begins by investigating the role of GIS in hostel including the motivation and foundation for PPGIS and the advantages and disadvantages of PPGIS praxis. The chapter also explores the way out of psychogeography and the reasons why its principles may help characterise and d sever the successful de velopment of a community GIS.2.2 GIS and Society a brief historyMountains dark with forests rose above the rooftops, the jagged black summits silhouetted against the evening light. high than them all, though, was the tip of the Schneeberg, glowing, translucent, throwing out fire and sparks, towering into the dying brightness of a sky across which the strangest of greyish-pink spoil formations were moving, while visible between them were the winter planets and crescent moon. (Sebald, 2002 50)Storytelling is an extremely powerful performer for conveying an mountain chain of the world and in some way or an other e precise story takes place somewhere and relates knowledge of geography and a sense of place (Cartwright, 2004, Erle et al., 2005, Cartwright et al., 2009). One way to represent geographic stories and our intelligence of the spatial organisation of the physical environment and its relationship with humans is through a map. An attempt to begin together the science of geo graphy with the art of map making has been the Geographic Information System (GIS) which is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analysing and displaying geographicly referenced data (Chang, 2008). What differentiates a GIS from other databases and computer systems is its ability to immix large amounts of spatial data from diverse sources, group the data into layers or categories, analyse the data for patterns or relationships and produce improved visualizations (Sieber, 2000a, Sieber, 2000b). For these reasons GIS technology has become an in-chief(postnominal) tool for use by m whatsoever levels of Government, Universities and organisations tangled in activities ranging from conservation, advertising and marketing, health, crime, land-use planning and affable services or any activity containing a spatial comp cardinalnt (Sieber, 2006).However it is only recently that GIS use has expanded to non-traditional users such as non-profit organisations and community gr oups. This availableness has been the result of decreased costs in hardware, software and improved user interfaces which means the user no longer has to learn specialised command languages (Craig et al., 2002). The attraction to the utility of GIS, by non-traditional users, is much the same as traditional users in that it can assist in new ways of understanding a problem, but it may also help in influencing public policy through more sophisticated analysis and the presentation of professional looking images (Sieber, 2000b).Despite this perceived ease-of-use and increasing ubiquity, the GIS has been criticised by some circles as creation an elitist technology which merely enhances existing power structures (Carver, 2003). This critique is heavily influenced by postmodernist principles, which place an increasing emphasis on the contributions of wider society and recognises that knowledge and values are constructed through a multiplicity of sociable and cultural forces. These argument s early surfaced within the paradigm of comminuted cartography which unfastened the inherent capableivity in, and rhetorical content of maps, consequently implying that maps are as much a reflection of (or metaphor for) the culture that produces them, as they are an abstraction of the physical environment (MacEachren, 1995). These examinations pick out also been employed within social and critical GIS debates which challenge the use of GIS in decision making as being objective and neutral. Instead it has been well-kept that GIS utility is often confined to experts whom produce privileged knowledge given their unique access to data, technology, resources and authority to structure the inquiry and design the output (Duncan and Lach, 2006). This view of GIS as a return to the principles of technocratic positivism may be construed as anti-democratic because decisions reliant on a GIS may exclude diverse forms of spatial data, such as community knowledge, in favour of ordered Gove rnment data conceptualised into points, lines and areas (Crampton and Krygier, 2006). Many academics, such as Pickles (1995), believe that the increased popularity of GIS within the geography discipline has meant that the availability and access to geographic data has become more influential than knowledge or experience of a unique environment or subject (Craig et al., 2002).Concerns regarding the hegemonic and subjective role of GIS lead to a number of workshops in the mid-nineties on GIS and Society (GISoc) sponsored by the National Centre for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) (Craig et al., 2002). GISoc was focused on how the spread of the technology was affect the political, economic, legal and institutional structures of society and how societal processes affect the form taken by the technology itself (Carver, 2003 65). GISoc research furthermore questioned whether current GIS practices and available spatial data adequately represented community needs and concerns an d whether a new ontological framework was needed to help empower less privileged groups in society (Elwood, 2006). It was questioned whether it would be possible to develop a bottom-up GIS which could successfully incorporate community participation and thus either displace or validate decisions made with top-down GIS approaches, implemented in most(prenominal) Government and commercial GIS projects (Craig et al., 2002). From these reflections the notion of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) was developed and defined as a variety of approaches to make GIS and other spatial decision-making tools available and accessible to all those with a stake in official decisions. (Schroeder, 1996) In other words, the markion of PPGIS praxis was to incorporate local community perspectives into decision making, ideally leading to solutions which business leader otherwise not waste been attained using traditional data sources and esoteric problem framing and analysis (Carver, 2003).Even though PP GIS was initially seen as a reconstructed democratic GIS, there is until now much polarized debate regarding whether GIS technology is empowering or marginalising. These opinions, however, can often be seen as a reactive and predisposed view of information technology (IT) in which individuals and groups must(prenominal) react to the technology as having a positive or negative social effect (Sieber, 2000a). The effectiveness and social and political implications of GIS use within communities, however is much more complex and is generally contingent on a set of unique local factors such as culture, policies, standards, people and technology (Duncan and Lach, 2006). While PPGIS applications are an extremely positive hightail it to address the original GISoc concerns regarding the social, political and knowledge practices of GIS contemporary PPGIS go seemingly introduced new contradictions concerning data access, model and hegemony (Elwood, 2006). For instance, although much lite rature acknowledges the importance of bridging the gap between technology and community knowledge, many PPGIS applications appease to adopt a technocratic view of GIS and are often lacking extensive public interaction let only the integration of community data (Sieber, 2006).The next section of this thesis examines more closely the current contradictions in PPGIS applications, paying particular attention to the ambiguities in the use of the terms public and participation. The purpose in critiquing the be assumptions of these terms is to further an understanding of the original ontological essence of PPGIS and how the varying use of the terms has moved(p) the incorporation of community knowledge in PPGIS projects.2.3 What does the Public and Participation in PPGIS really mean? both process or technology which enhances a communities access to information and provides the chance to participate in decision making should be seen as a step in the right direction however the original ontological framing of GISoc has become misconstrued by some practices of PPGIS (Carver, 2003). The original concept and application of PPGIS has been re cause and become more different over the years as a range of disciplines (such as urban planning and conservation), suffer applied different approaches and technologies to achieve a unique set of priorities and goals (Sieber, 2006). furthermore the growing enthusiasm of Governments and commercial organisations for participatory planning has lead to a number of diverse initiatives which vary in terms of the inclusiveness of community knowledge and empowerment potential (Elwood, 2006). However, public participation is a complicated concept that can have multiple meanings which lead to numerous interpretations and societal expectations (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). An examination of the nature of public and participation practices in GIS applications is thus critical in developing a greater understanding of the ambiguities in th e PPGIS process and how these may have diverged from the original vision of GISoc.It is extremely important to identify whom the public is when engaging a PPGIS project because it will ultimately determine who is included within the project and what types of outcomes and goals may be achievable (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). The Collins face Dictionary (1982) defines public (adj) as a means of relating to, or concerning the people as a entire reflecting the intended meaning within PPGIS and many applications do continue to be developed for a general public (Sieber, 2006). There is however a number of PPGIS projects who take a more ambiguous view of public and often use it interchangeably with definitions which more loosely resemble a stakeholder. In other words many projects deem their public to be those who are affected by, bring knowledge or information to, and possess the power to influence a decision or program (Sieber, 2006). The public and their interests are often, howeve r, very different from stakeholders and thus would heavily influence the problem framing and objectives of a GIS project ( timberland, 2005).Furthermore a public can be demarcated by a range of factors such as geographical, economic, social or political and the composition of a public may change over time (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). find out what constitutes the public has become especially complicated as technology has become more pervasive. For instance a web-based GIS may potentially be accessible by a wider portion of society however it raises questions approximately digital divides and geographic scale. Thus, is anyone who is able to access the application still deemed part of the public even though they maybe geographically distant to the issue and decision making? (Sieber, 2006) In general people local to an issue should be interested enough to get involved in a debate given their geographic proximity. It has been demonstrated however that as scale increases not only d o people at regional, national and global levels become interested and involved in an issue but also a higher percentage of people at the local do as well because it has amplified into a wider handling (Carver, 2003). Consequently Aitken (2002) suggests that instead of perceiving issues or decision making as being scale dependent and developing PPGIS projects for stakeholders which have their scale fixed, GIS projects should, alternatively, be directing their attention towards developing a GIS which would enable community issues and knowledge to jump scale from local to larger public discourses or vice versa (Aitken, 2002, Sieber, 2006). This is an important aspect because there is often a concern that local activities are dismissed as being part of community politics and are denied significant advancements by State and Federal Governments and thus the opportunity to emerge and engage individuals at all scales (Aitken, 2002). From this perspective a community-based GIS, where commu nity is defined as a group of individuals who are limit point together by a common characteristic or a common intent and who enjoy a relatively high gradation of mutual social interaction (Jones et al., 2004 105) offers the prospect of transcending the harsh scale conceptualised upon community politics and local activism enabling them to contest structures of power and dominance at the very scales they exist (Aitken, 2002, Gaile and Willmott, 2005).Harris and Weiner (1998) acknowledged in their research on the power relations associated with GIS use that participatory GIS practices have the potential to simultaneously empower and marginalise groups (Sieber, 2006). As a result it is imperative to understand the nature of the participatory process and who benefits and why (Craig et al., 2002). One such way to help conceptualise the levels of public participation is through a ladder metaphor. First conceived by Arnstein (1969), the basic premise of the participation ladder is that distributively rung of the ladder represents a different level of participation the bottom rung represents zero opportunity to participate while each rung above represents increased level of participation in the decision making and thus greater public empowerment (Carver, 2003). Wiedemann and Femers (1993) later produced an adaptation of the ladder which conceived of public participation as not only providing access to information but also suggesting that informing the public of decisions is another(prenominal) form of participation (Tulloch and Shapiro, 2003). This concept is significantly flawed as it firstly misrepresents the commonly understood meaning of the word participation in PPGIS which The Collins English Dictionary (1982) defines as to take part, be or become involved, or share. Secondly the ladder metaphors do not acknowledge the potential for participation to change over a period of time (Schlossberg and Shuford, 2005). Thirdly, the participation models fail to inclu de oppositional groups whom do not join with public decision making but participate in the formation public policy through other influential methods such as protests (Sieber, 2006). The incorporation of the word participation in many GIS projects implies a method of consensus building which presupposes a level of top-down decision-making as well as a degree of homogenization between participants. Certain individuals however may be better able to participate or contribute to decision making than others. Consequently, disproportional levels of participation may effectively disempower individuals and adversely affect the in demand(p) outcomes of a community (Sieber, 2006). Consequently some scholars have insisted on applying participatory for autonomous grassroots activities and employing participation to describe those projects which are more top-down in their approach (Elwood, 2006). Again while this is a light way to demarcate GIS projects which employ various degrees of top-down and bottom-up methods these definitions fail to acknowledge that both methodologies are crucial to any successful GIS project and community decision making. In fact it is fervently maintain that in order to enable citizens to better identify and comprehend how the role of GIS and technical discourses are bound up in decision making and how decision making can be informed by GIS knowledge, communities must have access to spatial information developed by Governments and commercial organisations as well as contributing their own spatial knowledge (Brown, 1998).Within this section it has been demonstrated that the attitudes and arguments that frame many PPGIS projects have succeeded in producing an illusion of influence and contribution by communities to decision making when actual ascendence still resides with the traditional powers, such as Government. Instead of attempting to build an impossible consensus amongst a public with disparate tastes, values and experiences, a community -based GIS should concentrate on developing a communitys ability to construct their own facts with the countenance of available third party resources, from which their personal geographic stories may emerge and translate to various members of society (Wood, 2005). Another way forward could be to eliminate upon principles of Situational psychogeography which also attempts to combine subjective and objective modes of study by positing that ones self cannot be divorced from the urban environment and that ones psyche and knowledge of the city must transcend the individual if it is to be of any use in the collective rethinking of the city (Sadler, 1998, Wood, 2005). In the following section an examination of the origins of psychogeography will be conducted clarifying how the principles behind this practice may help establish a framework for practice of GIS and Society and specifically the incorporation of local knowledge in GIS.2.4 What barely is Psychogeography?During the 1950s a nu mber of highly politicised groups emerged in opposition to the ideals of modernism these groups promoted programs that would reform the practice of art and life by directly intervening in the human environment and bringing about a social revolution (Sadler, 1998). One such group were the Lettrist International who conceived of the notion of Unitary Urbanism, which would later be the developed into the praxis of Psychogeography. Unitary Urbanism was envisaged as the theory of the combined use of arts and techniques for the integral reflection of a milieu in dynamic relation with experiments in behaviour. (Knabb, 2006 52) In other words, Unitary Urbanism was considered a social project whose vision was the unification of space and architecture with the social and individual body (Sadler, 1998).In 1957 the Lettrist International and the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus (IMIB) merged to form a new artistic-activist movement known as the Situationist International (SI). T he SI was similarly critical of modernist principles which anteceded the rational mind at the expense of the imagination. These criticisms are most clearly evident in the SIs opposition to modern architecture and urban planning which they argued shaped people into rigid patterns of behaviour (Sadler, 1998). Furthermore they believed that increasing urbanism and capitalism had reduced life to mere drudgery and consumption behaviour that ensured that everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation. (Debord, 1964) In other words see space had been reduced into mere representations of spaces and in turn re-envisaged as capitalist spaces (McDonough, 2002). SI believed that members of society were more and more experiencing life as spectators devoid of dialogue and without a sense of being involved or interacting with one another. Once this spectacle of modernity and urbanism, represented through images, products and activities, and authorised by the state, had been unveiled, society would be able to discover the authenticity of city life underneath (Debord, 1964). By resisting the hegemony of the state the SI sought to radically transform urban spaces through different practices including the subversion of cartography. Specifically by directing the spectators senses towards the contradictions in the abstractions and mediations of the state, the aim was to draw the spectator into activity by provoking his capacities to revolutionize his own life (Debord, 1957 25).Taking from the original methodology of Unitary Urbanism, psychogeography was proposed as a method of urban investigation which studies the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organised or not, on the emotions and behaviour of individuals. (Debord, 1955) In other words, psychogeography was intended as a methodology to help make people aware of the ways in which the urban environment and customary life is conditioned and controlled and e ncouraged the exposing of these concerns (Plant, 1992). Psychogeography in practice utilised a technique conceived as the possibleness of the Drive, in which individuals drive (literally drifting) through an environment letting themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain while still seeking to unmask the contradictions in the abstracted space (Plant, 1992). The drive was an attempt to reappropriate the meaning of the city by removing the myths in the states representations by having people walk and experience the landscape first hand, thus constructing through narratives a more concrete collective space (Mcdonough, 1994).While the drive offered a new way of surveying urban space, a new way of representing these spaces had yet to be found. The SI were not disillusioned with the idea of mapping practices, in fact they regarded mapping as an important component to aid in the changing and organisation of urban spaces (Pinder, 1996). They believed however, that the structures and imperatives utilised in mapping exposed the desires of those wishing to impose order upon the city. The SI ambition was thus to illustrate the strange logic and observable disorder of cities by producing maps which demonstrated those intimacies of the city typically absent from a traditional street or topographic map (Sadler, 1998). Consequently the SI developed a concept called Dtournement, which loosely translates as a diversion or rerouting of pre-existing aesthetic elements (Knabb, 1995). An example of this is where existing maps and aerial photographs were juxtaposed or rearranged to produce a new spatial meaning an alternative experiential or existential integrity (Ungar, 2005). Thus the SI were able to reconstruct the cartography of a city by reconciling unoriginal geographies, sociologies, and cartographies together with experienced spaces, producing a map which is terrestrial, fragmented, subjective, temporal, and cultural (Sadler, 1998 82).While Debord announced the disbandment of the SI in 1972, the traditions underpinning psychogeography continue to influence many works of literature, films, urban design and geographic practices (Ford, 2005). Wood (2005) draws attention to one contemporary psychogeography project Jake Bartons City of Memory which combines psychogeographic principles with a GIS to build a collective urban memory through the participation of a number of people. In an interview with Wood, Jake Barton described his project as utilising top-down and bottom-up resources to create an emergent and curated experience. Precisely by extending these terms to form the foundation of any GIS and Society project, Wood hypothesised that what would emerge was a GIS designed by a third-party or community-based intermediary (top-down) the public would formulate a specific framework that fits their unique goals (bottom-up) the bottom-up and top-down activities and goals are not independent of each other, but rather co-exist (curated) the outco me of the project has not been foreseen or influenced towards a specific outcome by any party, but rather emerges organically from the facts obtained and analysed (emergent). Thus resulting in a map and information which has not been only made by the public but which without it has no content at all and deflates into a frame around nothing (Wood, 2005 13). Following on from this preliminary research by Wood a wider investigation of these terms will be conducted, laying the framework for a more appropriate community-based GIS as to begin with envisaged in GISoc debates.2.5 Top-downTop-down integration of GIS is usually undertaken by an outside individual or confidence who provides the GIS model, data, analysis and representation (Talen, 2000). Often the major distinction between a top-down and bottom-up approach, in participatory projects, is determined by where the decision making lies and by the level of commitment call for by the public. With a top-down approach a Government or organisation would typically provide the data and representations which would be used in deliberation with the public, who are required to make a short-term commitment. In contrast, a bottom-up approach would require the public to have ongoing access to GIS data and the resources to grab data, conduct analysis and produce representations (Talen, 2000). Governments and commercial planners will often implement a participatory GIS with top-down goals in order to better understand a neighbourhood dynamic, improve public sector oversight and enhance social service provision. This process theoretically serves the public by introducing policies and services based on a communitys perception of the data, analysis and representations framed by Governments and planners (Sieber, 2006).Top-down GIS models can also help put over deterrents such as cost, complexity and access to data which often impeded non-profit and community groups from implementing a GIS. The cost of hardware and GIS softw are have decreased dramatically over the years and there are now many open source GIS solutions available for free use however it has been shown that any cost and resources required in the implementation, operation and maintenance of equipment, no matter the amount, will be a significant barrier for adoption, especially for underprivileged groups (Brodnig and Mayer-Schnberger, 2000, Leitner et al., 2002). Furthermore many individuals may lack knowledge about the availability and means of obtaining a GIS and spatial data (Elwood, 2007). Many of the GIS packages available are user-friendly for many operations, however the more functionality a group requires for their GIS, the greater